几乎人人都有银行的储蓄账户，可是你听说过可以储存能量的账户吗？

随着中国持续推进新能源普及，提高新能源利用效率，储能发展步入快车道。

(资料图片仅供参考)

China"s power storage industry is experiencing rapid growth as the country continues to move toward a more sustainable energy mix, with renewables taking up an increasing share.

那么什么是储能？为什么要发展储能？储能有哪些重要形式呢？

风力太阳能综合发电厂 图源：视觉中国

储能系统就像是一个巨大的银行储蓄账户，它不断地存入能源，当我们需要时，随时准备提供给我们。

这个巨大的能量账户不仅能确保我们随时有足够的能源，还能让我们减少对化石燃料的依赖。就像我们的储蓄账户能够帮助我们应对意外的经济困难，储能系统也能帮助我们应对能源紧张的情况。

储能有多种形式，例如锂电池、抽水蓄能等。随着大量新能源并网发电，储能系统在确保能源供应的可靠性和稳定性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

Energy storage is the process of retaining energy in a system for later use. This can be accomplished through various methods such as batteries, pumped hydro, and other means. Energy storage systems play a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and stability of energy supply, especially in renewable energy systems.

能量富余的时候吸收，需要的时候释放，这听起来是不是与手机充电宝很相似？

不同的是，手机充电宝容量小，连接的往往是小型电子设备，而储能设备这一“超级充电宝”则动辄放电上亿千瓦时，连接电网和更大的用户端。

以全世界装机规模最大的河北丰宁抽水蓄能电站为例，自2021年底首批机组投产以来，已有七台机组相继投产发电，累计发送绿色电力14.32亿千瓦时。按每户家庭每月用电量250度来计算，河北丰宁抽水蓄能电站一年发电量可供近50万个家庭一年用电。

Take Hebei-based Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station for example. It has the largest installed capacity in the world. Since 2021, seven units have been put into operation, which generated a total of 1.4 billion kilowatt-hours of green power. Based on the monthly power consumption of roughly 250 kWh per household, this amount of electricity can supply power for nearly 500,000 households for a year.

河北丰宁抽水蓄能电站下水库 图源：新华社

为什么在过去的煤电时期，储能呼声小很多呢？因为对于火电来说，电厂发电和设备用电是实时对应的，即用多少电发多少电，而用电预测则是通过电网的电力调度控制中心等部门来实现。在此时期，储能不仅需求小，而且成本高，是一笔很不划算的“买卖”。

In the past, fossil fuels like coal were virtually the only source of electricity, and many grid operators did not store energy because it could be an expensive undertaking. Instead, grid operators had dispatch centers that consistently managed supply to meet demand, and would burn additional coal to ramp up power generation during peak hours.

而随着新能源大量并网发电，“储能”变得至关重要。大部分新能源间歇性和随机性强，在需要时并不总是可用。这很容易理解：刮风不稳定，晚上太阳不出来，但是人总是要用电。

这种情况下，“规划安排”电力供应变得非常困难。没有储能，很可能发的电用不了，多余的要被丢弃掉，或者发的电不够用。

However, as concerns about climate change and resource depletion grew, the focus of power generation is gradually shifting towards renewable energy resources such as solar and wind. The problem with these modalities is that they are intermittent and not always available when needed. That"s easy to understand. Wind is not stable and sunlight is unavailable after dark, making it extremely difficult to manage power supply. That"s why energy storage becomes important. It helps bridge this gap by retaining energy when it is available and releasing it when needed.

敦煌熔盐塔式光热发电站全景 图源：视觉中国

来听听来自厦门大学的中国能源政策研究院院长林伯强教授怎么说吧：

储能有多种形式，每种形式都有自己的优缺点。一些常见的储能形式包括：锂电池、抽水蓄能等。锂电池多用于小规模储能的场景，例如电动车等。而抽水蓄能则适用于大规模储能场景，例如风电、光伏等。

"Differing from fossil fuels, new energy power generation has higher requirements for the safe and stable operation of power systems. That"s because most new energies are intermittent resources, which undergo sudden and random fluctuations. This makes it difficult to realize stable and steady power generation. In addition, it presents challenges to grid stability, such as voltage fluctuations, during power transmission," said Lin Boqiang, head of the China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy at Xiamen University in Fujian province. There are various forms of energy storage systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most common forms include lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in consumer electronics and electric vehicles, and pumped storage hydropower, which is currently the major means of storing massive power generated from solar and wind.

目前，新型储能、抽水蓄能、公共充电桩、储能电池、电池材料等已被列入多省2023年工作重点。

广东发布的2023年政府工作报告中称，将加快储能电池项目落地建设，大力发展新型储能产业，探索储能融合发展新场景，加快推进粤港澳大湾区碳市场建设。

福建称将加快新型能源体系规划建设，推进漳州核电1-4号机组、福厦特高压、智能配电网、抽水蓄能电站等项目。

重庆称将加快海辰储能西南智能制造中心等项目建设，推进新能源与新型储能相互促进、协同发展。

福建漳州核电2号机组内穹顶吊装 图源：人民网

从多省市地区的规划来看，抽水蓄能是发展储能的重要环节。

据中国能源研究会储能专委会下属中关村储能产业技术联盟数据，截至2022年底，中国已投运的电力储能项目累计装机达5940万千瓦，同比增长37%。其中，抽水蓄能占据最大比重，累计装机达4610万千瓦。

抽水蓄能的原理是什么呢？

一般来说，抽水蓄能建立在长斜坡上，有上下两个水库。当发电量大于实际使用量，多余的电能就会被转化为势能，即抽水从下水库至上水库。当发电量小于实际使用量，水会从上水库流至下水库，势能又重新转化为电能。

Pumped storage facilities have two water reservoirs at different elevations. The facility pumps water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir when there is excess power on the grid, and releases water to let it flow back downhill to generate power when there is greater demand for electricity.

抽水蓄能电站运行原理示意图 图源：人民日报

据水电水利规划设计总院数据，2021年全国已建抽水蓄能装机容量3639万千瓦，居世界首位，较2020年增长490万千瓦，同比增长15.6%。

The total installed capacity of pumped storage hydropower in China increased 15.6 percent year-on-year to 36.39 million kW by the end of 2021, ranking tops in the world, according to the China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute.

随着技术装备提升，应用成本下降，以及持续的利好政策，抽水蓄能装机规模将不断增长。据总院预测，到2025年我国抽水蓄能电站装机容量将达到6200万千瓦。

According to estimates from the institute, total installed capacity of pumped storage hydropower will reach 62 million kilowatts in China by 2025.

记者：刘玉坤 郑欣